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Tijdgebruik in verhalen

Tenses in a story: what comes after what

B2 · Upper intermediate · ≈ 24 min

You already know the individual tenses. The difficulty at B2 is different: maintaining a consistent timeline throughout a paragraph. If a story is told in the past, then everything that happened earlier goes into the pluperfect, and the narrator's comment returns to the present. If you get confused, the reader loses track of what happened when.

Imperfect or perfect

Division of labour
  • Form

    perfectum

    Role

    announce an event, introduce a topic

    Example

    Ik heb vorige week een nieuwe baan gevonden.

  • Form

    imperfectum

    Role

    continue the story, maintain the storyline

    Example

    Het ging allemaal snel. Ze belden op maandag en op vrijdag tekende ik.

  • Form

    imperfect of description

    Role

    background, state, habit

    Example

    Het regende, de straat was leeg.

  • Form

    plusquamperfectum

    Role

    what happened before this

    Example

    Ik had de advertentie al twee weken eerder gezien.

Hence the typical structure of a story: the first sentence in the perfect, the rest in the imperfect. The reverse order sounds unnatural to Dutch ears.

How it looks as a whole

  • Ik heb vorige maand een fiets gekocht.

    Last month I bought a bicycle.

    Introducing the topic – perfect.

  • Ik zocht al een tijdje iets tweedehands.

    I had been looking for something second-hand for a while.

    Background – imperfect.

  • Uiteindelijk vond ik er een in Delft, vlak bij het station.

    Eventually I found one in Delft, right by the station.

  • De verkoper had hem net opgeknapt, dus hij reed prima.

    The seller had just done it up, so it rode perfectly.

    had opgeknapt – event before the storyline.

Pluperfect: a marker of order

  • Form: had or was + past participle – the auxiliary verb is the same as it would be in the perfect.
  • Needed where order is important: Toen ik aankwam, was de vergadering al begonnen.
  • Often goes with words like al, net, eerder, inmiddels, voordat, nadat.
  • If the order is already clear from nadat or daarna, the pluperfect is not strictly necessary – but it is still used in written text.
Two timelines in one sentence
  • Nadat hij het rapport had gelezen, belde hij meteen de wethouder.

    After reading the report, he immediately called the alderman.

    earlierNadat hij het rapport had gelezen,
    storylinebelde hij meteen de wethouder.
  • Toen wij aankwamen, was de zaal al vol.

    When we arrived, the hall was already full.

    earlierToen wij aankwamen,
    storylinewas de zaal al vol.
  • Ik had de mail nog niet gezien, dus ik reageerde te laat.

    I hadn't seen the email yet, so I replied late.

    earlierIk had de mail nog niet gezien,
    storylinedus ik reageerde te laat.

The left column is always “earlier”, the right is the storyline. The tenses in them are different, and this is precisely what tells the reader the order of events.

The historic present

Common mistakes

A mistake or not how it's done

Ik heb gisteren gebeld en ik heb gevraagd en hij heeft gezegd dat…

✓ The right way

Ik heb gisteren gebeld. Ik vroeg naar de status en hij zei dat…

I called yesterday. I asked about the status and he said that…

Why: A chain of perfect tenses sounds choppy: after introducing the topic, switch to the imperfect.

A mistake or not how it's done

Toen ik aankwam, begon de vergadering al.

✓ The right way

Toen ik aankwam, was de vergadering al begonnen.

When I arrived, the meeting had already started.

Why: The event happened before the moment of arrival — the past perfect is needed.

A mistake or not how it's done

Nadat hij het rapport las, belde hij.

✓ The right way

Nadat hij het rapport had gelezen, belde hij.

After he had read the report, he called.

Why: The past perfect is standard after nadat.

A mistake or not how it's done

Vorige week loop ik naar kantoor en ik zag de wethouder.

✓ The right way

Vorige week liep ik naar kantoor en zag ik de wethouder.

Last week I was walking to the office and saw the alderman.

Why: You cannot jump between present and past tenses within the same story.

Words that sequence events

  • inmiddels

    by now, meanwhile

  • eerder die dag

    earlier that day

  • vlak daarvoor

    shortly before that

  • kort daarna

    soon after

  • uiteindelijk

    eventually

  • achteraf

    in retrospect

  • ondertussen

    in the meantime

  • sindsdien

    since then

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